Words

monastery n.修道院

monastery, temple(寺庙), mosque(清真寺)
monk, nun
church(教堂), cathedral(大教堂)

rashly adv. 莽撞地，冒失地

rash adj.
a rash decision
Don’t make rash promises.
reckless adj. 轻率的; 鲁莽的; 不顾危险的
He was fined $100 for reckless driving.
impulsive adj. 冲动的，头脑发热的
impulse n. 冲动
She’s so impulsive — she saw the house for the first time and said she’d buy it straight away(=immediately).

enclosure n.围场，圈地

enclose
be enclosed by…
The garden was completely enclosed by a high wall.
be surrounded by…
She said that she wanted to die surrounded by people she loves.
be besieged(v. 被包围；被困扰) by… 和军队相关
Troy was besieged by Greeks.

privacy n.清净，隐私，个人自由

protect / respect / invade sb.’s privacy
private adj. 私人的
a private conversation / collector

Story

The Great St. Bernard Pass(山口，关) connects Switzerland to Italy.

connect A with/to B 物理/抽象
The Channel Tunnel has connected Britain with mainland Europe for the first time.
link A with/to B 物理/抽象
There is no evidence to link/connect him with the murder.
join A to B 物理
(NCE3-17 P78-L8) The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.
associate A with B 抽象
relate A to B 抽象
(NCE3-23 P114-L10) There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.

At 2,473 meters, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh century, lies about a mile away.

at… = at an altitude(海拔) of… 海拔高度
At 4,807 metres, Mont Blanc is the highest peak of the Alps.

date from 追溯到
The body of one statue was found amoung remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.
date back to…
can be traced back to …

For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travelers crossing the dangerous Pass.

cross + 宾语 + 方式状语
cross the pass on foot
cross the pass in cars
cross the Caribbean by boat
方式 + across + 宾语
row across the Caribbean
fly across the English Channel
walk across the pass
drive across the pass
(NCE3-12 P58-L11) They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island.
(NCE3-20 P90-L1) In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £ 1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.

These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watchdogs even in Roman times.

environment-friendly
ozone-friendly

bring … from… 从…带来…
introduce … from … 从…引进…
…, which were introduced into Asia
The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.

Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever(no matter when) a traveller is in difficulty.

now (that) conj. 同时表示时间和原因, 用现在时
Now (that) you are a big boy you must behave better.

tunnel 隧道
canal n.运河
The Channel Tunnel
The Panama Canal

疑问词 +ever

• 表示“到底…”, 引导疑问句
  • Whatever are you doing up here Bill?
• “无论…”, 引导让步状语从句 = no matter + 疑问词
  • Wherever(no matter where) it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
• “疑问词+ever” 表示“无论” 时还可以用于名词性从句，此时 != “no matter+疑问词”，因为后者只能用于让步状语从句。
  • Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome.
  • No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome.
  • Whatever project he works on is always successful.
  • No matter what project he works on, it is always successful.

Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.

设法去做…
attempt to do sth.
try to do sth.
make an attempt to do sth.
make an effort to do sth.
seek to do sth. 书面语
I’m making an effort to control it.
I made an attempt to apologize, but Brian wouldn’t even talk to me.
Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
(NCE3-38 P174-L21) It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.

During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars.

表示“使用某种交通工具”的介词短语，“by” 后要直接加单数名词； “in” 后的名词要有人称和数的变化。
in cars = by car
You can go to the airport in my car.
We crossed the river in a boat.

As there are so many people about(=around, here and there), the dogs have to be kept in a special(特殊的，专门的,这里指专门的) enclosure.

可以换成独立主格（非谓语动词需要主语一致）
(With) so may people (being) about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.

keep, confine 把…关起来
He was kept/confined in prison.
You shouldn’t keep/confine the bird in a cage.

In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different. The temperature drops to -30° and very few people attempt to cross the Pass.

…的…， 不一定都用of
life at the monastery
life on a desert island
life in the army
life on campus

quite adv. completely 完全，截然
The other side of the picture is quite the opposite.
quite unaware

drop, fall
The temperature falls to -30°
Little by little the eleven minutes fell to zero.
plunge 跳水
The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.
dive to… 跳水，潜水
increase to…
rise to…
rocket to… 急剧上升
soar to..
介词换成by表示幅度
The temperature drops by 10°.

-30°
minus 30 degrees
30 degrees below zero
-30°C
minus 30 degrees Centigrade/Celsius
-30°F
minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit

The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom, too, for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.

prefer A to B
I prefer mutton to beef.
I prefer doing to doing
I prefer standing to sitting down
prefer A rather than B
I prefer mutton rather than beef.
prefer to do rather than do
I prefer to stand rather than sit down
would rather do than do 宁愿，可能两个都不喜欢
I would rather stand than sit down.

permit sb. to do
allow sb. to do
give sb. permission to do

wander = roam: to walk aimlessly

The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter.

He is one of our restaurant’s regulars(常客).
What’ll it be?
The usual, please.

group / bunch / crowd / band / party
a party of tourists
a search party
a rescue party

at 指假期期间
on 指假期那一天
on Christmas Day
on Easter Day
on/at weekends

These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St.Bernard’s monastery.

英语喜欢用名词而不是动词
receive a warm welcome(rather than are welcomed)
Let’s all extend（给予） a warm welcome to our visitors.

receive + n. 受到；得到；遭到
(NCE3-23 P114-L9) No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.
receive insults
receive support
receive adequate treatment
receive good education
This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press.